Counselor Interview Counselor, Licensed Marriage And...

Counselor Interview CMB is a Licensed Professional Counselor, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, and Licensed Clinical Alcohol and Drug Counselor. She currently works at an outpatient non-profit agency and also has a private practice. CMB has been a counselor for over twenty years and has experienced a number of different ethical dilemmas over time. Through this interview, the counselor discussed a specific ethical issue she faced and how she handled the situation. The Ethical Dilemma To begin, the counselor described her client and the ethical dilemma that took place. CMB was seeing her client, a 36-year-old white woman, for one and a half years. The client’s reason for attending counseling was to work through family issues, particularly, managing the effects of growing up with an alcoholic father. One day, the client asked CMB if she would take on her sister as a client. Initially, the counselor was hesitant, explaining that she does not normally like to take on new clients who have a personal relationship with her current clients. However, the client pushed, and explained that her sister was going through a very specific situation, unrelated to her own therapy, that would only require short term counseling. Further, the client said that is will not interfere with her counseling experience. So, CMB decided to take on her current client’s sister as a new client. CMB worked with this new client for about eight to ten weeks, while also continuing to see her originalShow MoreRelatedHistory and Evolution of the Mental Health Counseling Profession3503 Words   |  14 PagesMental Health Counselors Association or AMHCA (Pistole, 2002). The association was to provide them with a base organization and identity they needed. Its primary objectives were to obtain recognition, develop accountability standards, and secure professional status. Even then, the members were practice-oriented and already well-connected with their market (Beck, 1999 as qtd in Pistole). As verbalized by their pioneering founders, their newfound identity as mental health counselors emanated from theirRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 Pagesproductive activities and fulfilling relationships with other people, to adapt to change, and to cope with adversity. (by Healthy People 2010) It is an integral part of personal well-being, of both family and interpersonal relationships, and of contributions to community or society. How can nurses help families cope with the many conditions characterized by alterations in their thinking, mood, or behavior, resulting in distress and/or impaired functioning? Comes at different levels depending on theRead MoreCounseling Abused Women7410 Words   |  30 PagesOne: Violence against women The Problem Consequences of violence Origins of violence Part Two: Treatment/Intervention models Service and treatment options Medications Community Treatment/Intervention Part Three: Client/Family participation Client participation Family involvement Part Four: Special needs Abuse of women with disabilities Equity/ Access to treatment Part Five: Parties’ promotion of various positions and their critical analysis Promotion the realization of Women’s HumanRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesC—Public Health Workforce Subtitle D—Adapting Workforce to Evolving Health System Needs TITLE III—PREVENTION AND WELLNESS TITLE IV—QUALITY AND SURVEILLANCE TITLE V—OTHER PROVISIONS Subtitle A—Drug Discount for Rural and Other Hospitals; 340B Program Integrity Subtitle B—Programs Subtitle C—Food and Drug Administration Subtitle D—Community Living Assistance Services and Supports Subtitle E—Miscellaneous DIVISION D—INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT TITLE I—AMENDMENTS TO INDIAN LAWS TITLE II—IMPROVEMENTRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages438 8 Empowering and Delegating 439 9 Building Effective Teams and Teamwork 489 10 Leading Positive Change 533 PART IV SPECIFIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS 590 591 Supplement A Making Oral and Written Presentations Supplement B Conducting Interviews 619 Supplement C Conducting Meetings 651 Appendix I Glossary 673 Appendix II References 683 Name Index 705 Subject Index 709 Combined Index 713 iii This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface xvii INTRODUCTION 1 3 THE

Evolution, Science and Religion Free Essays

Why We Believe What We Believe is written by Andrew Newberg and Mark Robert Waldmanis. Mr. Newberg is a correlate professor of Radiology and Psychiatry, an assistant professor of studies of religion, and a director of the Center for Spirituality and the Mind. We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution, Science and Religion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mark Robert Waldmanis is an adjunct fellow at the Center for Spirituality and the Mind and the founder of the academic journal, Transpersonal Review. The book examines how the brain functions to comprehend beliefs and reality’s nature. It suggests a considerate, biological, well-documented hypothesis on how the human brain processes sensory information into its own exclusive visions of truth. This book does not seek to disown people’s beliefs, but in its place determine why believing is such an important and crucial piece of a human being. It seeks to know if we are experiencing positive or negative beliefs of our own. More often than not, people’s beliefs make them disregard the beliefs of other people even though they have the same concept of God. This is due to the brain’s nature to reject other information that is opposing to its own beliefs. The book helps people search for meaning and truth as it explores the biological aspect of believing. One of the most original questions in religion and philosophy is about reality’s nature. Given that we only have admission to reality through our capability to conceptualize it, possibly an even more essential question might be why and how we consider the things we do. Where do our beliefs come from, how do they begin to form, and how can we reliably match these beliefs to the reality that we are trying to understand, steer through, and merely survive in? Most citizens don’t expend a lot of time reflecting on the very nature of their beliefs. Why then do they have convinced beliefs rather than others? Individuals seem to be somewhat confident in what they believe and be likely to agree to that however they form beliefs. It is an accurate and reliable process. This deficiency of critical distance and self-reflection makes it easier not just for errors to take place, but also for others to influence and pressure our beliefs. Books on cynical tactics and actions can help avoid this, but we can also profit from simply having an improved understanding of what beliefs really are on a biological level. The first part of the book introduces its basic premises, by means of the case history of Mr. Wright who was stricken with cancer and is about to depart this life in a research infirmary. He was given placebo injections, and in a week, he showed instant cure and all tumors miraculously faded away, but when the newspaper information described the uselessness of the drug the patient considered he was taking, the tumors started to return. The physician persuaded the patient that a new and improved drug was obtainable, and once more the tumors vanished. The FDA then manifested the medicinal study a disappointment, and once more, the tumors have returned and Mr. Wright died when his belief in the drug had faltered. The authors go back to this story all through the book to clarify how our beliefs can intensely manipulate the neurobiological processes in the brain. Are we really living in this world? Is the world even real? Is our life merely a dream? People tend to hold on to religion for the comfort and security that our unsure lives may hold. They believe in many different religions even though there are so many questions unanswered and undiscovered facts yet to be explored. The book implies that our brain has a neurological tendency to believe. It is a vital element of the human mind. People tend to have the idea that a belief that doesn’t match theirs is wrong. These are just the workings of the human brain that instinctively seek to protect itself. But people can also tend to change their beliefs once in a while. When they get more exposed to their environment and everyone around them, they gradually mold their child-like minds within to the beliefs surrounding them. People have an enormous tendency to see what others tell them as factual; whilst not everything can be questioned to discover its truth. How to cite Evolution, Science and Religion, Papers

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Parliament free essay sample

Weaknesses †¢ Investigation and implementation of new laws is time consuming and parliament is not always able to keep up with changes in society. †¢ Delegated authorities are not all elected by the people and there may be too many bodies making laws. †¢ It is not always possible to change the law in accordance with changing values in society. †¢ Parliament can make laws retrospectively, which can be unfair. †¢ Cabinet’s legislative proposals may dominate law-making by parliament, particularly where the government controls both houses. Parliament’s response to community views may not be adequate. * Makes laws whenever the need arises Strengths †¢ Parliament can make law in futuro, which means they can make laws even before the need arises. †¢ Parliament can investigate the whole topic and make a comprehensive set of laws. †¢ Parliament can delegate its power to make law to expert bodies, which can make the regulations much faster than parliament. †¢ Parliament is able to involve the public in law-making. We will write a custom essay sample on Strengths and Weaknesses of the Parliament or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¢ Parliament can change the law as the need arises (in comparison to courts). Weaknesses Investigation and implementation of new laws is time consuming and parliament is not always able to keep up with changes in society. †¢ The process of passing a Bill is time consuming. †¢ Parliament is not always sitting, so changes in the law may have to wait some time. †¢ Changes in the law may involve financial outlay, which may not be economically viable at the time. †¢ The division of law-making powers between the federal and state parliaments is in dispute from time to time, therefore often a law may be ‘put on hold’. †¢ Parliament’s Upper House can ‘rubber stamp’ or deliberately obstruct legislation. The government of the day might decide for political reasons that they do not wish to make a law, even though there may be a need for it. Following is an extract that critically examines two strengths of parliamentary law-making, as required by the question. It is true that parliament can create informed laws that reflect the views of the community because it is able to consult with the public through speaking with voters and also examining the opinion of voters through investigations conducted by formal law reform bodies such as the ALRC. However, members of parliament may not legislate on controversial issues such as euthanasia because they fear voter backlash. Thus, this can limit the law-making ability of parliament to truly represent the views of the entire community. The political nature of parliament, whereby there are two distinct parties controlling most of the seats can also limit the ability of parliament to reflect the views of the community because MPs will almost always vote on party lines, often preventing law reform that reflects the views of the community.

Leadership in the Retail Industry

Introduction This paper is based on the topic of leadership in the retail industry. It seeks to explore the topic by looking at the importance of nurturing leadership. It also looks at the leadership approaches which young leaders should adopt for them to successfully lead contemporary organisations in the retail industry.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership in the Retail Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is argued that leaders of the young generation need to adopt a leadership approach which is proactive and sensitive to the changes in the business environment in the retail industry. They also need to blend different leadership approaches because different situations call for different leadership styles or a combination of leadership styles. Challenge of Mobility of Workforce in the Retail Industry Young employees in the retail industry have faced the challenge of mobility for a long time. The reason why the young generation has faced the challenge of climbing the ladder of leadership is that it lacks the experience to lead. Many organisations in the retail industry need experienced leaders due to the volatility of the industry in terms of competition and adoption of new technology in business processes. When young people leave colleges or universities, they usually have the certificates but are not exposed to practical work. They therefore stay for a long time ranging from 10 to 15 years before they gain the necessary experience to work as leaders in organisations.  The current job market is also characterised by high turnover rates. As a result, many young people do not work for one organisation for a long time enough to qualify for promotion to leadership positions. The reason why they hop from an organisation to another is because they usually seek for good employment terms, especially good salaries to cater for the ever rising cost of living.  The other reason wh y young people face the mobility challenge is because many organisations in the retail industry do not invest in initiatives which promote employee retention. Retention refers to the activities done to ensure that once employees are employed, they remain in the same organisation permanently or for a long time. The main reason for retention is that the processes of recruitment and selection of employees are not only tedious but also costly and time consuming.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Retention is usually based on motivation theories such the human relations approach which is characterised by a shift from the scientific to the humanistic approach in the motivation of employees. The approach places more emphasis on the work environment and perceives employees as social beings with social, psychological, and financial needs. It also acknowledges that employees have the po tential of being creative in their work. The approach also values the synergy found in teamwork, the reasoning being that employees are able to come up with group norms and rules which govern their work. The approach also recognises the importance of employees interacting with their managers in a friendly way without fear of victimisation. When employees fear their managers, they tend to work with their bodies but their minds and hearts are usually far away (Fox 2009).  However, many organisations in the retail industry are managed using the scientific approach of management. This approach hinders upward mobility of young employees because the managers do not give the employees an opportunity to be creative and innovative. Instead, the managers view the employees as liabilities and as a result, they do not bother to invest in employee development because they believe that the compensation offered to employees is enough to keep them motivated. The managers and supervisors also trea t employees with contempt and they do not give them an opportunity to micromanage their work. Leadership Approaches to be adopted by Young Leaders Wart and Suino defined leadership as the ability of a person to influence other people to do things which they may not do without the influence (Wart Suino 2012). People with this ability are referred to as leaders and are found in different settings and contexts. In organisational context, leaders are responsible for planning, coordinating, and controlling organisational functions and activities towards attainment of organisational goals and objectives (Sims 2007). In a book titled â€Å"management†, Schermerhorn defined management as the art of getting things done through people (Schermerhorn 2010). Many organisations have policies, procedures, and guidelines that govern the decision making process. Managers must understand how to get people do what they are supposed to do and know what exactly gets done, the results to be achie ved, and how best the results can be achieved in an efficient manner. Leadership forms the basis of success or failure of organisations because nothing can be accomplished with failed leadership and bad management. Employees in organisations need an effective leader to influence and marshal their efforts towards the achievement of a common goal. Being a leader means more than being a team leader.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership in the Retail Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It involves getting things done and doing them well. It is a show of positive attitude and involves various aspects like influencing followers, commitment of individuals to goals, aiding group cohesion, and spearheading change in organisations. Leaders learn and adapt leadership styles which they feel may deal with diverse personalities and evolving situations. Some leaders have a combination of positive traits and attribu tes as their basis of leadership (Wart Suino 2012). Both leadership and management are essential for the success of organisations because they complement each other. Leadership attributes transform managers into leaders and by so doing; the managers discharge their duties in a flexible manner. Such managers also have the ability to create a cohesive organisational culture where employees’ loyalty and motivation are greatly enhanced. Trait Approach of Leadership Trait leadership is best suited for young leaders in the retail industry. In a book titled â€Å"The leadership experience†, Daft explained trait leadership as having to do with leaders acting upon leadership traits which they are born with (Daft 2008). The leadership style does not embrace the idea that leadership can be learned or acquired from experience but rather perceives leadership as a quality which people are born with. Trait leadership style therefore leads to realisation of excellent results because the leaders have leadership qualities at birth and are able to lead even without any formal training (Daft 2008). Trait leadership may inspire employees to become creative because trait oriented leaders are not mechanistic in their leadership but they understand the importance of allowing employees to micromanage their activities at the workplace so as to achieve their targets. When employees are given the permission to micromanage their work, they develop positive attitude towards work which makes them to work hard and attain good results. They are also able to change the rules governing their work and try new ways of doing things. By so doing, they are able to discover new approaches to their work. If for example employees who work as marketing agents are allowed to micromanage their work, they can recommend new types of products which they think are the best for customers (Gill 2011). Under the trait leadership approach, employees are able to focus on the end result and come up w ith their own ways of meeting the set targets and deadlines without failure. Since all organisational activities are undertaken in a timely manner, organisations are able to implement their projects with a high degree of success which leads to increased productivity. At the same time, employees like imitating the trait oriented leaders and as a result, they are ever focused on their role in their organisations which increases efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity (Northouse 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, trait leadership style has the potential of resulting to conflict of ideas in the workplace because trait oriented leaders may sometimes exhibit dictatorial traits which may create conflict due to their failure to consult other leaders or employees when making some important organisational decisions. The tendency of trait oriented leaders to believe that they know it all may sometimes work against them and lead to resistance to organisational change (Pearce Robinson 2011). How Trait, Participative and Contingency Approaches Blend Together Research in the field of leadership has shown that organisations in the retail industry may reap more benefits by blending various styles of leadership. In a book titled â€Å"Exploring leadership: individual, organisational, and societal perspectives†, Bolden, Hawkins Gosling argued that the blending of different leadership styles can lead to effective leadership. For instance, blending trait leadership principles with participat ive leadership may enhance employees’ leadership capabilities. Trait leadership principles when blended with transformational, transactional, and situational leadership styles may improve interpersonal skills of leaders. Furthermore, the styles can be blended to create a highly motivated workforce that can contribute positively towards the achievement of organisational goals (Bolden, Hawkins Gosling 2011). Trait leadership in particular may enable participative oriented leaders to have charisma which enables them to inspire the team members to realise good results. Contingency leadership style may enable participative leaders to change their leadership style depending on the situation and become more efficient and effective. Participative leadership may inspire teamwork because the style is about making everybody in organisations to participate in the process of moving the organisations forward (Bolden, Hawkins Gosling 2011). The participation is not only about the performa nce of duties but also about making decisions which affect the work being done. Since everybody is actively involved in organisational activities, the â€Å"big boss† syndrome is eliminated and replaced with a culture in which all members of organisations feel as part of a big team with a clear mission and vision to achieve. Employees also view each other as members of one family and for this reason; they do not hesitate to share their thoughts, ideas, challenges, and strengths with fellow employees (Bolden, Hawkins Gosling 2011).  The contingency approach may inspire a change of leadership depending on the situation because the style is based on the philosophy that organisations are unique and therefore, there is no general approach to leadership. The approach enables leaders to be flexible in their leadership and as a result, they are able to treat each situation differently which leads to enhanced success of activities undertaken by employees. The ability of the leaders to be flexible in their leadership style means that they are result oriented and not bound by procedures, rules or regulations but are free to change tact with the overall objective of meeting the set targets. Flexibility in leadership leads to increased efficiency and effectiveness making organisations to increase their productivity. Reference List Bolden, R, Hawkins, R Gosling, J 2011, Exploring leadership: individual, organisational, and societal perspectives, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Daft, R.L 2008, The leadership experience, Thomson/South-Western, Mason, OH. Fox, W. M 2009,The management process : an integrated functional approach, Information Age Publishing, Charlotte, N.C. Gill, R 2011, Leadership theory: A critical review, synthesis and redefinition, SAGE Publications Ltd, London. Northouse, P 2010, Leadership: theory and practice, Sage, S.l. Pearce, J Robinson, R. B 2011, Organisational structure. dans: strategic management: formulation, implementation and contro l, McGraw Hill, S.l. Schermerhorn, J 2010, Management, Wiley, Hoboken, N.J. Sims, R 2007, Human resource management : contemporary issues, challenges and opportunities, Information Age Publishers, Greenwich, Conn. Wart, M.V Suino, P 2012, Leadership in public organisations: an introduction, Sharpe, Armonk, N.Y. This essay on Leadership in the Retail Industry was written and submitted by user Ronald Nunez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Greg Sirico Essays - McCulloch V. Maryland, Free Essays, Term Papers

Greg Sirico Essays - McCulloch V. Maryland, Free Essays, Term Papers Greg Sirico Adv American Gov. November 14th ?98 McCulloch v Maryland Can congress incorporate a bank? Can a state tax the national government? These were some of the key issues that brought up in the Supreme Court case of McCullloch v Maryland. James Madison, the judge in this case, rules in favor of the National Government. He proclaimed that it was constitutional to have a national bank, and not appropriate for Maryland to tax the bank. Now we turn the tables toward Maryland. In my reasoning I believe that Maryland can uphold their right to tax the national bank, as well as make claims of the ?necessary and proper clause? being incorrect in it?s meaning. Maryland in my opinion holds very good references and ideas which lead me to believe that the national bank should never have been created, and if so created be able to have been taxed. Both points coming from the Constitution. Maryland as well as every other state in the union, has the power to tax. It is a concurrent power, which enables them (Maryland) to obtain the power to tax. The power to tax is the power to create. Since the national bank itself is in Baltimore, I believe the state, in which it is holds ground, which is Maryland, has some type of property tax upon the national bank. In this point we can see how the state government has some kind of right to tax the national bank. Moving forward, we come across the Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause). It is stated in the Constitution that the government is empowered to imply this clause to issues at hand. The controversy issue is the appropriate definition for this word, necessary. However, necessary in Maryland?s point of view means ?indispensable? and Madison defines it as ?convenient?. Now in this point, it is unjust to provide the national government with such power as this. If it is in fact convenient for the national government, is it convenient for us the people? The answer is no, this gives leverage to Maryland?s argument that necessary should in-fact mean as is. As we can see through my, and the state of Maryland?s view, the national bank should have never been created, and even if such an idea would have been about, it is still reprehensible for taxation. Maryland in my belief was correct in it?s arguments, and points. Now as I conclude, I have shown you my reasons why, and have brought me to my final decision that there really is no equality between the state government and the national government. In seeing this, it is appropriate to believe that the congresses can in-fact do as they PLEASE.

presence - definition and examples of rhetorical presence

presence - definition and examples of rhetorical presence Definition: In rhetoric and argumentation, the choice to emphasize certain facts and ideas over others in order to secure the attention of an audience. The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation arguments speaker Through presence, we establish the real, Louise Karon says in Presence in The New Rhetoric. This effect is primarily evoked through techniques of style, delivery, and disposition (Philosophy and Rhetoric, 1976). See also: Audience Analysis and Implied Audience Examples and Illustrations Ekphrasis and Enargia New Rhetoric(s)ProsopopoeiaPersuasion Examples and Observations: Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca write that presence is an essential factor in argumentation and one that is far too much neglected in rationalistic conceptions of reasoning. The presence of a fact or an idea is almost a sensory experience rather than a purely rational one; presence, they write, acts directly on our sensibility.Thus, in argumentation a rhetor seeks to bring his or her audience to the point of seeing the relevant facts, or experiencing the truthfulness of an idea. . . . Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca share Gorgias and the humanists intrigue with rhetorics power to direct thought, particularly rhetoric in the control of a skilled rhetorician. But their confidence in argumentation as a rational foundation of discourse is decidedly stronger than was Gorgias.(James A. Herrick, The History and Theory of Rhetoric: An Introduction, 3rd ed. Allyn and Bacon, 2005) Two Aspects of PresenceFor Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1969), achieving presence is a rule that guides the process of selection; we choose words, phrases, figurative images, and other discursive strategies to either (a) make something absent present to our audience or (b) increase the presence of something that has already been brought to the audiences attention. An example of the latter sense would be the way in which an orator, in a patriotic Fourth of July oration during the 19th century, would try to increase the presence of the spirit of the founding fathers.These two aspects of presence are not mutually exclusive; in fact, they frequently overlap. An advocate might begin by trying to make something present to an audience and then work to increase the presence of that item (whatever that might be). As Murphy (1994) noted, the idea of presence is a conceptual metaphor; when presence is achieved, what initially was absent almost seems to be in the room with the audience.(James Jasinski, Sourcebook on Rhetoric. Sage, 2001) Presence and Figurative LanguageThe very choice of giving presence to some elements instead of others implies their importance and pertinence to the discussion and acts directly on our sensibility, as illustrated by a Chinese parable: A king sees an ox on its way to sacrifice. He is moved to pity for it and orders that a sheep be used in its place. He confesses he did so because he could see the ox but not the sheep.Perelman and Olbrechts. Rhetorical Citizenship and Public Deliberation, ed. by Christian Kock and Lisa S. Villadsen. Penn State Press, 2012) Presence in Jesse Jacksons 1988 Convention Speech*Tonight in Atlanta, for the first time in this century, we convene in the South; a state where Governors once stood in school house doors; where Julian Bond was denied a seal in the State Legislature because of his conscientious objection to the Vietnam War; a city that, through its five Black Universities, has graduated more black students than any city in the world. Atlanta, now a modern intersection of the new South.Common ground! Thats the challenge of our party tonight. Left wing. Right wing.Progress will not come through boundless liberalism nor static conservatism, but at the critical mass of mutual survivalnot at boundless liberalism nor static conservatism, but at the critical mass of mutual survival. It takes two wings to fly. Whether youre a hawk or a dove, youre just a bird living in the same environment, in the same world.The Bible teaches that when lions and lambs lie down together, none will be afraid and there will be peace in the valley. It sounds impossible. Lions eat lambs. Lambs sensibly flee from lions. Yet even lions and lambs will find common ground. Why? Because neither lions nor lambs can survive nuclear war. If lions and lambs can find common ground, surely we can as wellas civilized people.The only time that we win is when we come together. In 1960, John Kennedy, the late John Kennedy, beat Richard Nixon by only 112,000 votesless than one vote per precinct. He won by the margin of our hope. He brought us together. He reached out. He had the courage to defy his advisers and inquire about Dr. Kings jailing in Albany, Georgia. We won by the margin of our hope, inspired by courageous leadership.In 1964, Lyndon Johnson brought wings togetherthe thesis, the antithesis, and the creative synthesisand together we won.In 1976, Jimmy Carter unified us again, and we won. When do we not come together, we never win.In 1968, the vision and despair in July led to our defeat in November. In 1980, ranc or in the spring and the summer led to Reagan in the fall.When we divide, we cannot win. We must find common ground as the basis for survival and development and change and growth.Today when we debated, differed, deliberated, agreed to agree, agree to disagree, when we had the good judgment to argue a case and then not self-destruct, George Bush was just a little further away from the White House and a little closer to private life.Tonight I salute Governor Michael Dukakis. He has run a well-managed and a dignified campaign. No matter how tired or how tried, he always resisted the temptation to stoop to demagoguery. . . .(Reverend Jesse Jackson, speech at the Democratic National Convention, July 19, 1988)* In the presidential election of November 1988, incumbent Vice President George H.W. Bush (Republican) handily defeated Governor Michael Dukakis (Democrat). The Effects of Presence and the Suppression of Presence[Charles] Kauffman and [Donn] Parson [in Metaphor and Presence in Argument, 1990] make the . . . important point . . . that the suppression of presence can have a persuasive effect. They show that metaphors with and without energeia can be used systematically, on the one hand, to alarm, and on the other, to dampen, public anxieties. For example, using metaphors with energeia, President Reagan speaks of antique Titan missiles that leave the United States naked to attack; he depicts the Soviet Union as an Evil Empire led by monsters. On the other hand, using metaphors without energeia, General Gordon Fornell creates an antipresence designed to sidestep public anxiety in the interest of further weapons procurement. The current Soviet ICBM force of 1,398 missiles, of which over 800 are SS-17, SS-18, and SS-19 ICBMs, represents a dangerous countermilitary asymmetry which must be corrected in the near term (99-100; emphasis mine). The systematic use of such colorless metaphors increases adherence by dampening what might otherwise be legitimate anxieties.(Alan G. Gross and Ray D. Dearin, Chaim Perelman. SUNY Press, 2003)

Child Development Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child Development Reflection Paper - Essay Example ction accorded to the child determines the child ability to adapt to the social environment and determines the child’s ability to self sustain emotionally. As presented by Mary Ainsworth, a child reacts to strangers in various manners. If the child feels secure, he will interact with the stranger. If he does not feel secure, he will either avoid the stranger or resist any attempt by the stranger to make contact vehemently. Such a child requires close monitoring and encouragement in social matters. Adjusting to situations by an individual is easier when a caregiver satisfied a child emotionally. Neglect of a child’s concerns alternatively results in an adult who lacks the ability to handle occurrences in life. The later will experience suicidal tendencies and antisocial behavior while his counterpart, who had ‘better’ upbringing will be outspoken. The development process through the eight stages depicted by Erik H. Erikson becomes very troubling for this individual due to unresolved childhood conflict. Forming secondary attachments such as finding a spouse forms a platform that is beyond childhood. As John Bowlby indicates, this gives the individual a second chance of developing social skills. However, this becomes difficult for personalities not fulfilled emotionally as child. Child assessment as discussed by Pucketh helps a parent determine the special needs for each child and act appropriately. The caregivers must fully understand the child in order to guide him through challenges. A child will create a connection to the mother depending on how much the parent (caregiver) encourages him. This early relationship should be a two-way relationship. Involving the child in activities that improve the child’s confidence ensures smooth life for the baby later. The concepts discussed present certain challenges to the learner. Many things that people take for granted characterize the human social life. Children sometimes seem annoying. Their cries for

Success and Excellence in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Success and Excellence in Business - Essay Example Among the most basic objectives of any business organization today is to at least achieve unity among its members. This is a very difficult endeavor especially now that diversity is not only recognized, but a reality that pervades every aspect of people’s lives. Latent characteristics such as race, gender, age, geographic, and even value differences make unity difficult, if not entirely remote. The urgency of achieving unity while, at the same time, recognizing diversity, is a challenge that was already recognized in Senge’s analysis of business organizations as being led by the â€Å"new leader†. In his analysis, he showed how they should adapt to the systems thinking model to achieve unity. Focus was given to organizational unity because it is through unity that the organization achieves order, and with order comes efficient and effective operations—both in production and human resource management.The new leader in the contemporary business organization must first recognize the presence of diversity. It is through recognition that the leader can get a better and more holistic â€Å"picture† of the organization’s nature and dynamics. This means that new leaders must ‘see interrelationships, not things, and processes, not snapshots†. This description is expressive of the nature in which managers have always assessed their organizations: objective, segmented, and too much attention to detail. While these aspects are also important in implementing business.... imulating creativeness in the organization's human resource; (4) observing humane and proper business practices; and (5) running the business for the sake of society's development and progress. Among the most basic objectives of any business organization today is to at least achieve unity among its members. This is a very difficult endeavor especially now that diversity is not only recognized, but a reality that pervades every aspect of people's lives. Latent characteristics such as race, gender, age, geographic, and even value differences make unity difficult, if not entirely remote. The urgency of achieving unity while, at the same time, recognizing diversity, is a challenge that was already recognized in Senge's (1990) analysis of business organizations as being led by the "new leader" (manager). In his analysis, he showed how 'new leaders' should adapt to the systems thinking model to achieve unity. Focus was given to organizational unity because it is through unity that the organization achieves order, and with order comes efficient and effective operations-both in production and human resource management. The new leader in the contemporary business organization must first recognize the presence of diversity. It is through recognition that the leader can get a better and more holistic "picture" of the organization's nature and dynamics. This means that new leaders must 'see interrelationships, not things, and processes, not snapshots" (15). This description is expressive of the nature in which managers have always assessed their organizations: objective, segmented, and too much attention to detail. While these aspects are also important in implementing business, particularly in the organization's operations, it is important for managers to have a strong

Political Parties Essay Example for Free

Political Parties Essay Political parties are an essential component within a democratic society. By competing in elections and encouraging citizens with certain different views of society, parties also offer citizens a wide variety of choices in governmental representation, opportunities for political contribution, and chances to form their country’s future. Although political parties play such an influential role on a country, often the concerns of the people fall on deaf ears, breaking down the trust that the public had within the parties. When public assurance in political parties is diminished, the whole democratic system falls victim to it. In all democratic systems, the party system must be deeply and strongly rooted in the make up of society. Political parties are the main framework of any democratic society. They are the means by which the public come together freely to drive for the presidency, express their ideas, and define their ambitions for their civilization. There may be political parties without democracy being apparent, but there can be no democracy without political parties. Parties in many countries, including our own South African parties, may be faulty, but they are also crucial in democratic authority. When political parties function effectively, they succeed in developing a few common ideas between a large group of people, and in doing this, they place pressure on the ruling party. Thus, they help put citizens’ small concerns into a national context. Citizens may be separated over leaders, or policies but political parties can organize these differences by compromising certain things and helping societies to unite. In addition, political parties train and nominate political leaders who will accept a role in ruling society. Through their efforts to control and influence public policy, political parties play an in-between role, connecting the organisations of government to economic, ethnic, cultural, religious and other general groups. They can convey support behind law, improving the public wellbeing, and develop citizens’ interests. Their participation in elections allows citizens to hold them responsible for their policies and actions. In multi-party systems, and based on the countries they represent, political parties often express contradictory views on public plans. These just differences of ideas are not only an important part of the democratic course, but the exchanges they generate can also help to create a better understanding of the issues and possible solutions, possibly leading to new insights. Further, when parties in competition present themselves as an alternative, all parties always try to obtain the best plan in public interest, therefore the winner in the end is society.

College Life :: Dialogue Essays Personal Narratives

College Life College life is going to be good. I have a nice cabin on the lake with a gorgeous view. I am staying with a good friend from back home. My neighbors are awesome. I am away from my parents, and I am on my own. What more could you ask for? "Well, maybe it isn't that great," I thought. "I am two hundred miles from home, and away from all of my friends." "So, aahh, what should we do?" I asked. "I don't know," replied Travis. "I think college life might be harder than I thought," I said. "Don't worry," he said, "you'll make it." "I know I'll make it, but it is hard to meet people," I said. "Not to mention I am away from my family and friends." "Is school hard for you?" he asked. "No, not yet," I said. "I haven't really had to do anything so far." "All I do is take notes and listen to lectures." "I haven't even had a test so far." "Two weeks and you haven't had a test yet?" he asked. "Nope!" I replied. "I haven't even had homework yet." "You suck!" he exclaimed. "Then why are you whining about how hard school is?" "I don't know," I replied. After the conversation, I thought about what he said. I could be over re-acting a little bit. I just got through my first two weeks of classes. "I guess it ain't that bad," I thought. "No homework." "I can handle this." With a new week, came my first real homework assignment. We have to write a two to three page narrative paper on something we know. And in this paper, we have to show specific examples of how we know it. Not to mention a second part of it that I don't understand. "Oh no" This sounds impossible," I thought. "I am lost." "I don't know where to begin." "How am I ever going to get through this?" I walked up to the teacher to ask a question, when I heard him say to another student, "What do you know how to do?" She replied, "I don't know." "Well, do you play sports?" He asked. "Yes." "What sports?" "Taekwondo," She replied. "See, you know that," he said. "Use that for the topic on your homework." "I guess I won't ask him a question anymore," I thought. Thinking the girl knew what to do, I walked out with her, hoping to get a better grasp on the assignment.

Newell Strategy Essay

Yes, Newell does have a successful corporate strategy and it does add value to the businesses within its portfolio. Newell’s corporate strategy can be summarized as follows. Newell manufactures low-technology, high-volume staple products in the categories hardware/ home furnishings, office products as well as housewares and sells to large mass retailers. It mirrors the consolidation in the retail business and the related market power of volume merchandisers by a continuous flow of acquisitions of companies. These companies are well-known brands and often claim a #1 or #2 position in terms of market share but that on the other hand are poorly managed on the cost side and hence financially underperforming. Newell substantially increases their operational efficiency and hence profitability by introducing Newell’s financial system, IT-based sales and order processing system and flexible manufacturing system (â€Å"Newellization†), i.e. by streamlining their processes. Regarding its mass retail customers Newell aims at a solid reputation for its high service quality (e.g. use of EDI and POS data along with reliability of JIT delivery), commanding a price premium. This quality level is also established in the acquired companies. Moreover, by consolidating industry capacity at high and low price points Newell reduces price pressure in the market, creates economies of scale and entry barriers based on â€Å"critical mass†. Newell also capitalizes on economies of scope by leveraging relationships with discount retailers to get shelf space and favorable terms and conditions for products of other subsidiaries in its portfolio, too. Centralized training programs, comprehensive and frequent management meetings and regular transfer of managers between divisions contribute to best practice sharing and knowledge transfer within the corporation. The corporate office provides its various product divisions with capital infusion when necessary and with financial, technological, operational and legal support.

Artist: Andy Warhol Essay

Perhaps no artist in American history has embraced ambiguity more willingly than Andy Warhol. To this day, scholarly interpretations of his multi-faceted creative output struggle to define Warhol’s essential aesthetic, and also to resolve the central debate relative to his artistic career, which centers around crucial definitions of â€Å"pop art† and â€Å"avant garde† expression. Warhol, regarded by many as an apologist for twentieth century American culture, receives an equal portion of accolade for being twentieth century American culture’s most accomplished satirist and critic. As an artist with â€Å"roots in commercial design, who, by 1965, was already a celebrity commanding large commissions and shows in major galleries† Warhol occupied a unique aesthetic position which allowed him to forward a number of ground-breaking artistic works which disturb â€Å"the image of Pop as a crass, commercial cousin to the more genuinely radical movements of the period† while remaining a successful capitalist and popular celebrity-artist. (Rifkin 647) Warhol remains a â€Å"leading exponent of the pop art movement,† which is viewed by art historians and critics as an important movement in the mid-twentieth century. Warhol’s use of â€Å"commonplace objects such as dollar bills, soup cans, soft-drink bottles, and soap-pad boxes† is his paintings, collages, and other works emphasized what was then considered a bold new voice in experimental art. paradoxically, the â€Å"experimental† attributes of this new art drew their origin from common, everyday cultural objects, with which Warhol seemed to be attempting to â€Å"ridicule and to celebrate American middle-class values by erasing the distinction between popular and high culture† while simultaneously attempting to blur or erase the line between popular expression and experimental techniques. (â€Å"Warhol, Andy†) In addition to blurring the lines between pop-art and avant garde experimentalism, Warhol also blurred the lines between the personal and impersonal in his art. His idiom incorporated elements of modern society, particularly repetitiveness and â€Å"emptiness† which played equally visceral roles in the impact of his works. In doing so, Warhol admitted into his art, a personal element which often made us of erotic and sexual themes, but which were expressed by way of an intermediary medium or set of contemporary images which seemed to be rife with symbolic association but which might just as easily comprise merely a clever pastiche or surface-level recapitulation of social mores and icons. Warhol produced â€Å"multi-image, mass-produced silk-screen paintings: for many of these, such as the portraits of Marilyn Monroe and Jacqueline Kennedy, he employed newspaper photographs† which allowed for an impersonal medium and yet which produced indelible, iconic visual statements. (â€Å"Warhol, Andy†) Warhol’s idiom developed from his lived-experience. Rather than utilize his personal life for theme and subject matter, he incorporated his biographical experiences: those of a Bohemian, East-coast avant-gard artist into his techniques and in to his supporting cast of assistants. In the 1960’s Warhol â€Å"and his assistants worked out of a large New York studio dubbed the â€Å"Factory. † In the mid-1960s Warhol began making films, suppressing the personal element in marathon essays on boredom. In The Chelsea Girls (1966), a seven-hour voyeuristic look into hotel rooms, he used projection techniques that constituted a startling divergence from established methods. Among his later films are Trash (1971) and L’Amour (1973). With Paul Morrissey, in 1974 Warhol also made the films Frankenstein and Dracula. In 1973, Warhol launched the magazine Interview, a publication centered upon his fascination with the cult of the celebrity. † (â€Å"Warhol, Andy†) The influence of his life upon Warhol’s notions of compositional methods gained reinforcement from similar avant-gard artists, poets, and publishers in the 1960’s. Many of Warhol’s associates â€Å"Floating Bear, and Ed Sanders’s Fuck You: A Magazine of the Arts transmitted gossip and/as new literary works; for the extended community who read them, the little magazines functioned as a kind of group epistolary romance† which indicated the juxtapositioning of biography and artistic expression. As such, the â€Å"fast-paced intimacy of these productions appealed to Warhol, who worked to integrate these attributes of the mimeograph medium, as well as the personalities who populated the journals, into the production and distribution of his early films† and also, into his photographically inspired portraits and other paintings which had revitalized a thought-to-be-dying sub-genre. (Rifkin 647) So, in some ways, Warhol seemed to be acting directly against the contemporary social mores of his time: he was openly homosexual, lived as a Bohemian reveler, with a reputation for excess and he made dramatically ambiguous public statements which seemed to stoke the fires of controversy, he was also a self-professed lover of contemporary culture and pop-culture. A good case in point is Warhol’s famous response to â€Å"Gerard Malanga’s â€Å"Andy Warhol on Automation: An Interview,† originally printed in Chelsea magazine in 1968: â€Å"Q. How will you meet the challenge of automation? A. By becoming part of it† (Pratt, 37). In the end, Warhol’s statement about automation is both self-effacing and self-elevating; he is suggesting, in fact, that he not only understands the ways and means of contemporary culture but understands how to submit to it in order to glean artistic and creative insight and power, but he is also admitting to a denial (or subsuming) of the individual into the non-personal culture as a whole. For example, Warhol said he â€Å"thought that â€Å"making money is art and working is art and good business is the best art† and recommended that in love affairs we follow at least one rule: â€Å"I’ll pay you if you pay me. † (null18) Warhol’s comments frequently invited cultural projection; that is, his statements allowed an individual or group of individuals to foist their own beliefs onto his words. This is a similar operative method which propels most of his important creative work as well. Warhol seemingly understood the public persona to be a function of artistic expression– and vice-versa. At play in all of Warhol’s works is â€Å"an interaction between Warhol’s supposed subjectlessness and the suspicion that this is, in fact, an impossibility. The desire to penetrate this impassivity has inflected much of the critical and art historical commentary on Warhol as well, where a dialectic frequently unfolds between the attempt to define the artist’s meaning and the tacit assumption that neither he nor his art will provide the means to do so. † (Joseph) In order to understand Warhol’s work or his life, it is necessary to conceded that they are absolutely inseparable. â€Å"In a large portion of the writing on Warhol, the result is an analysis that cedes to projection, with the overall impression being one of an ineffectual and unenlightening hermeneutic spinning out of control. â€Å"[I]t’s often impossible to distinguish the authentic Warhol from the act,† which, of course, concedes another fact: that Warhol’s expressive and creative techniques alone may fail to rise to the level of enduring and meaningful art sans the impact of his public persona and biographical details. (Joseph) From this perspective, many of Warhol’s attempted works, from his dozens of films, to his thousands of silk-screens and sketches, may be of less intrinsic value than is widely supposed: â€Å"the role of avant-gardes has always been, as John Ashbery maintained in his founding article on Pop, to â€Å"call attention †¦ to the ambiguity of the artistic experience, to the crucial confusion about the nature of art† rather than to express, with finality, assumptions about the form and function of art, per se. (Rifkin 647) Warhol seems forever poised between these two worlds: the world of the pop-artist with its attending celebrity and riches and the world of the avant gard experimentalist with its womb-like world of underground poetry, music, theater and â€Å"fringe† characters of all kinds. Against this central dichotomy, Warhol’s aesthetic emerges like a spiderweb over a canyon and anyone attempting to cross over upon it, including, perhaps, Warhol himself is probably doomed to experience a very long fall. Part of the fall is in the â€Å"challenge still posed by the core of Warhol’s art is that of articulating the means by which meaning is produced in the midst of such impassability. If Warhol’s archive stands as a sort of metonym of its subject, then the profusion and disparity of materials within justly calls to mind one of the most famous maxims from The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (from A to B and Back Again): â€Å"I never fall apart because I never fall together. † (Joseph) A paradigm for Warhol’s unique melding of popular and avant garde techniques is his famous works in portraiture. This genre where he so famously distinguished himself also shows his propensity for making profitable art, and for celebrating the celebrity social worlds he so loved. His reinvention of portraiture, though viewed as astonishingly radical, simply incorporated the most modern of new visual technologies at the time: the photograph, to revitalize what had been a dead genre of patining and visual art. Warhol’s conclusion was that â€Å"the best method of electrifying the old-master portrait tradition with sufficient energy to absorb the real, living world was, now that we see it in retrospect, painfully obvious. The most commonplace source of visual information about our famous contemporaries is, after all, the photographic image, whether it comes from the pages of the Daily News or Vogue. † (Rosenblum 208) However, viewed closely, Warhol’s most famous work: his Marilyn Monroe portrait, reveals itself as much more classically inspired than its radical reputation would suggest : â€Å"No less than the medieval spectator who accepted as fact the handmade images of Christian characters who enacted their dramas within the holy precincts of church walls, we today have all learned to accept as absolute truth these machine-made photographic images of our modern heroes and heroines. When Warhol took a photographic silkscreen of Marilyn Monroe’s head ( fig. 126 ), set it on gold paint, and let it float on high in a timeless, spaceless heaven (as Busby Berkeley had done in 1943 for a similarly decapitated assembly of movie stars in the finale of The Gang’s All Here), he was creating, in effect, a secular saint for the 1960s that might well command as much earthly awe and veneration. (Rosenblum 208) Such interpretations provide a rich glimpse into the ambiguity of expression, the fusion of opposites, which Warhol achieved with brilliancy during his extraordinarily diverse and celebrated career. Warhol presented an enigma, perhaps, but one which stripped of its mystery, still revealed merely a poker-faced perceiver of contemporary America — or not. Just as easily, Warhol could be viewed as a visionary Bohemian, a gay-rights activists and a visionary of underground culture. That he could paint â€Å"simultaneously Warren Beatty and electric chairs, Troy Donahue and race riots, Marilyn Monroe and fatal car crashes, may seem the peculiar product of a perversely cool and passive personality until we realize that this numb, voyeuristic view of contemporary life, in which the grave and the trivial, the fashionable and the horrifying, blandly coexist as passing spectacles, is a deadly accurate mirror of a commonplace experience in modern art and life. † (Rosenblum 210) Works Cited â€Å"Warhol, Andy. † The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. 2004. Joseph, Branden W. â€Å"The Critical Response to Andy Warhol. † Art Journal 57.4 (1998): 105+. Leung, Simon. â€Å"And There I Am: Andy Warhol and the Ethics of Identification. † Art Journal 62. 1 (2003): 4+. Mattick, Paul. Art & Its Time: Theories and Practices of Modern Aesthetics. New York: Routledge, 2003. Pop out: Queer Warhol. Ed. Jennifer Doyle, Jonathan Flatley, and JosE Esteban MuNoz. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996. Pratt, Alan R. The Critical Response to Andy Warhol. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997. Rifkin, Libbie. â€Å"Andy Warhol, Poetry and Gossip in the 1960s. † Criticism 40. 4 (1998): 647. Rosenblum, Robert. Selected Essays Selected Essays. New York: Harry N. Abrams Publishers, 1999.

Zulu War Vocabulary

Zulu War Vocabulary The following is a list of common Zulu terms relevant to Zulu war culture and especially the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. Zulu War Vocabulary isAngoma (plural: izAngoma): diviner, in contact with ancestral spirits, witch doctor.iBandla (plural: amaBandla): tribal council, assembly, and the members thereof.iBandhla imhlope (plural: amaBandhla amhlope): a white assembly, a married regiment which was still required to attend all the kings musters, rather than live in semi-retirement.iBeshu (plural: amaBeshu): calf-skin flap covering the buttocks, part of the basic umutsha costume.umBhumbluzo (plural: abaBhumbuluzo): Shorter war shield introduced by Cetshwayo in the 1850s during the civil war against Mbuyazi. Only 3.5 feet long compared to the longer traditional war shield, isihlangu, which measures t least 4 foot.iButho (plural: amaButho): regiment (or guild) of Zulu warriors, based on age-group. Sub-divided into amaviyo.isiCoco (plural: iziCoco): married Zulus headring made from binding a ring of fibre into the hair, coated in a mixture of charcoal and gum, and polished with beeswax. It was a common practice to share part or all of the rest of the head to accentuate the presence of the isicoco - although this varied from one Zulu to the next, and shaving the hair not a required part of a warriors costume. inDuna (plural: izinDuna): a state official appointed by the king, or by a local chief. Also commander of group of warriors. Various levels of responsibility occurred, rank would be indicated by the amount of personal decoration – see inGxotha, isiQu.isiFuba (plural: iziFuba): the chest, or centre, of the traditional Zulu attack formation.isiGaba (plural: iziGaba): a group of related amaviyo within a single ibutho.isiGodlo (plural: iziGodlo): the king, or a chiefs, residence found at the upper end of his homestead. Also the term for the women in the kings household.inGxotha (plural: izinGxotha): heavy brass arm-band awarded for by the Zulu king for outstanding service or bravery.isiHlangu (plural: iziHlangu): traditional large war shield, approximately 4 foot long.isiJula (plural: iziJula): short-bladed throwing spear, used in battle.iKhanda (plural: amaKhanda): military barracks where an ibutho was stationed, bequested to the regiment by the king.umKhonto (plural: imiKhonto): general term for a spear. umKhosi (plural: imiKhosi): first fruits ceremony, held annually.umKhumbi (plural: imiKhumbi): an assembly (of men) held in a circle.isiKhulu (plural: iziKhulu): literally great one, a high ranking warrior, decorated for bravery and service, or an important person in the Zulu hierarchy, a member of a council of elders.iKlwa (plural: amaKlwa): Shakan stabbing-spear, otherwise known as an assegai.iMpi (plural: iziMpi): Zulu army, and word meaning war.isiNene (plural: iziNene): twisted strips of either civet, green monkey (insamango), or genet fur hanging as tails in front of the genitals as part of the umutsha.. Senior ranked warriors would have a multi-coloured isinene made from two or more different furs twisted together.iNkatha (plural: iziNkatha): the sacred grass coil, a symbol of the Zulu nation.umNcedo (plural: abaNcedo): plaited grass sheath used to cover male genitals. Most basic form of Zulu costume.iNsizwa (plural: iziNsizwa): unmarried Zulu, a young man. Youth was a term re lated to lack of marital status rather than actual age. umNtwana (plural: abaNtwana): Zulu prince, member of the Royal house and son of the king.umNumzane (plural: abaNumzane): the headman of a homestead.iNyanga (plural: iziNyanga): traditional herbal doctor, medicine man.isiPhapha (plural: iziPhapha): throwing-spear, usually with a short, broad blade, used for hunting game.uPhaphe (plural: oPhaphe): feathers used to decorate the headdress:iNdwa: the Blue Crane, has long (roughly 8 inches), graceful slate-grey tail feathers. Single feather used at front of umqhele headress, or one placed either side. Mainly used by higher ranking warriors.iSakabuli: the Longtailed Widow, the breeding male has a long (up to 1 foot) black tail feathers. The feathers were often tied to porcupine quills and fixed inside the headband. Sometimes woven into a basketwork ball, umnyakanya, and worn at the front of the umqhele headband, denoting an unmarried ibutho.iNtshe: the ostrich, both black and white feathers used. White tail-feathers significantly longer (1. 5 feet) than the black body-feathers.iGwalagwala: Knysna Lourie and the Purple-crested Lourie, green to greenish black tail feather (eight inches long) and crimson/metallic purple feathers from wings (four inches). Bunches of these feathers were used for the headdresses of very high ranking warriors. iPhovela (plural: amaPhovela): headdress made of stiffened cow-skin, usually in the form of two horns. worn by unmarried regiments. Often decorated with feathers (see ophaphe).uPondo (plural: izimPondo): the horns, or wings, of the traditional Zulu attack formation.umQhele (plural: imiQhele): Zulu warriors headband. Made from a tube of fur padded out with dried bull-rushes or cow dung. Junior regiments would wear imiqhele made from leopard skin, senior regiments would have otter skin. Would also have amabheqe, ear-flaps made from the pelt of the Samango monkey, and isinene tails hanging from the back.isiQu (plural: iziQu): bravery necklace made from interlocking wooden beads, presented to the warrior by the king.iShoba (plural: amaShoba): tufted cow-tails, formed by flaying part of the hide with tail attached. Used for arm- and leg- fringes (imiShokobezi), and for necklaces.umShokobezi (plural: imiShokobezi): cow-tail decorations worn on the arms and/or legs.amaSi (plural only): curd led milk, staple diet of the Zulu. umThakathi (plural: abaThakathi): wizard, sorcerer, or witch.umuTsha (plural: imiTsha): loincloth, basic Zulu outfit, worn over the umncedo. Consists of a thin belt made of cow hide with ibeshu, a soft calf-skin flap over the buttocks, and isinene, twisted strips of either civet, Samango monkey or genet fur hanging as tails in front of the genitals.uTshwala: thick, creamy sorghum beer, rich in nutrients.umuVa (plural: imiVa): Zulu army reserves.iViyo (plural: amaViyo): a company-sized group of Zulu warriors, usually between 50 and 200 men. Would be commanded by a junior level induna.iWisa (plural: amaWisa): knobkerrie, a knob-headed stick or war club used to bash out the brains of a foe.umuZi (plural: imiZi): a family-based village or homestead, also the people who live there.

The impact of a high-protein breakfast on the attentiveness and memory Research Paper

The impact of a high-protein breakfast on the attentiveness and memory recall in math course of the ninth grade students in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example The control group will be used to validate the results due to the isolation from the independent variable. The two groups will be located in various classrooms to prevent their awareness on the experiment. Students will undergo normal Math lessons and their response and attentiveness monitored and observed. The experimental research will take one month and ensure that the students take a test with the same conditions. The long period will guarantee a quantitative research due to the collection of vast amounts of information from the students, parents, and teachers. Tests will be implemented to analyze the data collected. Academic performance has been a setback that the students; teachers and guardian have tried overcome since the establishment of learning facilities. Recent research shows that the performance has been affected by physical, social, economic, cultural, and nutritional factors. Much research has been carried out in all other fields except the nutritional principles. Today, academic performance has been directly reflected the success of individuals right from the time they start studying. The current trends in academic accomplishments have made changes in the approaches of research. Nutritional factors in the educational sector have had their impacts in the start of the current century. The changes in economic and social aspects have contributed to the transformation of the nutritional approaches leading to various varieties of food products for the students. Most parents can offer decent and balanced diets to their school children. Additionally, economic stability has also led to the use of supplements and other drugs to help in the attentiveness that will improve the students performance. Schools have based their eating strategies on research carried out to show the improvement and response in students due to different meals. Cognitive

Evaluate the role of the internet for a college student Essay

Evaluate the role of the internet for a college student - Essay Example Internet has become increasingly essential to virtually everyone in the worldpeople try to become one global village.Internet has proved to be of a great significance to college peers and it has become a part of their daily lives. Internet assists students as they go on with their studies and researches. Due to the wide range of information present in the internet, it makes it easy for students to conduct research using internet libraries such as Proquest, Ebsco, and Emerald Insight among others. For instance, a student may have a task of doing a research on topic in which they cannot interact with the subject of research due to geographical or financial constraints. Professionals have concluded that, â€Å"Internet is a wide range of supporter by providing all contacts requirements and all types of information, searching facilities with its various digital tools† (Isman Web.). By visiting the internet, the student may gather vital information that will assist the student in t he research about the topic. Due to rapid advances in technology, experts came up with an internet learning programs that enable an individual to learn at the place of their comfort.For instance, e-learning has made it possible for students across the world to learn through virtual classes. Internet is now a common and globally used medium of communication. This makes the students keep in touch with the significant partieswho are of substantial help to them. Incase a student has some query it is easier to contact someone who will help them sort out the issue at hand through the internet.For instance, the student may contact tutorsor friends who may help in solving an academically related issue.Communication platforms such as Skype, Facebook video calling, and Google+ among others have made it possible to video conference. Students can take advantage of such communication platforms to enhance their studies through collaboration with other students and education experts across the wor ld. Certainly, â€Å"Internet has become such an integral part everywhere and a potent communication tool† (Kashif-Ur-Rehma et al 48).This is evident through social media whereby students are able to gather vital information from different parts and from different individuals around the world, which might be of great assistance to the student. Due to the purposes of relaxation, internet offers a wide range of services to facilitate the student as they relax after their studies. Internet games, music, videos, and other forms of entertainmentare widely available in the internet. Whereas such forms of entertainment can be potentially damaging, wise use of internet entertainment can be of great use to students. Games such as chess and scramble, helps the students in sharpening their brains. For instance playing chess, which is considered as the game for genius, may improve ability to focus and think critically.There are games such as crosswords or Sudoku, these games helps to the student to construct vocabularies thus making it easier for them to comprehend easily what they are taught. Whereas the world has increasingly become busy, parenting has become equally challenging. Students more often than not opt to use internet as solution finder to most of social and personal issues such as relationships. It is argued, â€Å"Teens may be too embarrassed to seek information on sex from parents†

Critically analyse the claim of labour process theory Essay

Critically analyse the claim of labour process theory - Essay Example The project makes an analysis of the theory in depth and the views of researchers and practitioners regarding the fundamental and inherent conflicts of interests between employers and employees at the workplace. In this context, the key elements of local management systems and controls are analyzed and the way they impact on different sections of the working class which hold skills and expertise which are not reproducible through machines or unskilled labor (O’Doherty & Willmott, 2002, p.2). Labor Process Theory The Labor Process Theory considers how individuals work, which people control their work activities, skills which they use for working and the way they are paid for their services. According to the views of Braverman, who was an industrial worker for a long part of his life in America, management steals the skills of workers in capitalist societies. In this was they act in the way of reducing the pleasurable character of work and the power that workers possess. They al so reduce the wages of skilled workers to the level of wages of unskilled workers and at the same time increase the exertion on them too. The radical writers have been critical of the pluralist preoccupation with regards to the regulation of conflicts. They have focused more on how conflicts were contained and controlled, while the pluralists tried to divert attention towards the more fundamental issues of why conflicts generated at the workplace. In this regard, Hyman (1979) have believed that the existing structure of control and ownership in the industry were inevitable sources of conflict were dismissed as being external to the context of industrial relations. The radicals believed that undue emphasis was provided to the employers, trade unions and other institutions for coping with such conflicts and for identifying process which could be incorporated for maintaining industrial stability. Greater attention towards power is the main notion of radical writers as compared to the p luralist thoughts. This is not surprising as the pluralists have emphasized more on the resolution of conflicts and procedural reforms. On the other hand radicals see the power imbalance within society and also at the workplace being central to the characteristic of employment relations. At the workplace people who have ownership of the means of production enjoys power superiority over those who sell their labor in return of wages. This is highly demonstrated through the substantial inequality in the distribution of rewards at the workplace. Also the limitations of labor in the market is reinforced through the creation of social norms, beliefs and values which sustain the prevailing power distribution within the industry and inhibit the growth of political consciousness of the working class. Critical Analysis of the Labor Process Theory The Labor Process Theory is opened to broad sociological debates associated with the action structure dualism. While the orthodox school of thought tends to reassert the economic and structuralist features of Marxism, the deconstructionist or anti-realist position abandons the analysis which has been conventionally been oriented towards polarities of agencies and structures. Researchers have thrown insight into offering of instructive ways of understanding how subjectivity is implicated in the reproduction and accomplishment of the capitalist employment relati

Sphere of I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sphere of I - Essay Example Schmitt applied his radical viewpoint to the sphere of established democratic politics of the Weimar Republic. In the ‘Parliamentary Democracy Crisis’ Schmitt appreciates democracy as the system of self-rule by people (Kalyvas 223). In a democratic organization, the decisions made by leaders express the people’s will. Nevertheless, taken in the abstract, the notion of democracy is open to opposing and diverse interpretations. In political settings, the character of the ruling will with the people’s will is never simple. Instead, it is always the outcome of a practice of identification (Negretto and Jose 1797). Whenever political decisions are undertaken through majority ballot, the majority’s will is identified with the people’s will, and every citizen is obliged to obey regardless of if he voted with the mainstream or not. However, Schmitt’s question is the foundation of this identification. Schmitt asks, â€Å"What would happen if de mocratic revolutionaries pursue the establishment of democracy in a society where many people oppose principles of democracy?† In such a case, the people would not be warranted, from a democratic angle, to leave majority rule and to identify their own will with the people’s true will. Schmitt recommends that this kind of a leadership would still have to be regarded as democratic because it still appeals to the notion that political rule has to be grounded on the people’s will. Once one affirms this assertion, the implication, which Schmitt purposes to create in The Parliamentary Democracy Crisis will follow: The electoral organizations, which are usually considered paradigmatically democratic, are never, in truth and are neither intimately linked with the canon of democracy (Schmitt 28). Schmitts obvious attempt to delink the concept of democracy from any specific approach of formation of the will fails to describe why the tradition of democracy has considered

Types of Infant Temperament

Types of Infant Temperament 1.0 Introduction Temperament refers to a person’s characteristic modes of emotional and behavioral responding to environmental events. It is biologically based on heredity, neural and hormonal and it can affect our response to the environment. It’s also influenced over time by heredity from parents and experience. There are 3 types of temperament which is easy-going temperament, slow to warm up temperament and difficult temperament. Easy-going temperament babies are calm and relaxed; they are also seen as friendly and smiling happily. Slow to warm up temperament babies are shy and they take time to try new things as they do not like new situations. Difficult temperament babies are very emotional and get upset easily, they are unable to adapt to new environment and people. The 6 dimensions of individual differences in infant temperament as well as the influences of temperament are further discussed below. 2.0 Main body 2.1 Six Dimensions Basically there are 6 different types of traits for infant temperament including fearful distress, irritable distress, positive effect, activity level, attention span and rhythmicity. 2.1.1 Fearful Distress Fearful distress also means fearfulness and it refers to how they response when feel fear. The characteristic of fearful distress is wariness, distress and withdrawal in new situation. The positive example for babies is they won’t cry frequently when they feel scare but if is negative babies they will cry whenever they feel scare such as crying when parents leaving, when stranger get close to them or crying when receiving an injection. By the way, for positive thinking adult who are facing fearful distress they will try to overcome fearfulness and think it in positive way. Negative thinking adult who are facing fearful distress usually cannot sleep well at night because they always worrying. Some will get nervous, stomachache and get sweaty hands when facing fearful distress. 2.1.2 Irritable Distress Irritable distress also means anger. The characteristic of irritable distress is fussiness, crying and showing distress when they can’t get what they want. The positive irritable distress babies will not cry easily although they are angry but the negative irritable distress babies will cry and become fussiness when they can’t get what they want. The irritable distress for positive adult will keep calm, relax but negative irritable distress adult will easily get angry and become very impulse when something happened. 2.1.3 Positive Affect Positive affect refers to frequency of smiling, laughing, willingness to approach other and to cooperate with them. Example for positive affect of positive baby is they will smile to others and waving their hands, opposite that the babies will cry when strangers appear next to them. The example for adult is they went to a training camp happily to meet new friends and have fun together. Negative adults do not like any new activities and they are likely to avoid themselves from meeting new people. 2.1.4 Activity Level Activity Level is the amount of gross motor activity which by simple saying is how much an infant moves. For the example of high activity level baby is a baby kicking and moving often when changing their diapers and when they are sleeping. For low activity level baby is a baby does not moving when sleeping. The example for high activity level adult is they likes outdoors activities such as football, playing badminton or others sport games. For the low activity level adult is they like quiet environment, they will like indoor activities which is like reading, playing chess and drawing. 2.1.5 Attention Span Attention span simply means that how long a child spending time focuses on objects or events that they are interested to. The example for the baby of have short attention span is crying in a short period after their parents carry them or sometimes they just realize that keep crying is not the way and stop crying immediately but if is long attention span baby is they can crying lout and keep crying when they want parents to carry them although their parents is carrying. The example for short attention span adult is they cannot sit in the long time. They often get up while they are doing something and them easily to give up. For the long attention span adult they do things very carefully and can sit in a long time. 2.1.6 Rhythmicity Rhythmicity means that the regularity of bodily functions. Positive example for the rhythmicity baby is their eating and bowel movement time are regular, they will ask for food every few hours. Negative example is they will wake up easily and their bowel movement is different from every time. For positive rhythmicity adult, they go to sleep the same time on every night. Negative rhythmicity adult is they laying down on the bed but fall asleep in different time. 2.2 Influences on Temperament There are several kinds of influence on temperament which can be divided into two different stages; before and after preschool period. Before preschool usually just influence by their parents as their temperament are passed down to their children naturally while after preschool bring in more influences such as environment the children are in such as their surroundings, friends or people they meet. 2.2.1 Before Preschool Before preschool period, the main influence of temperament is the Hereditary Influence which by simply saying is the temperament passed down from the parents to their children genetically. Usually if the children are identical twins, there is a higher chance both of them having the same attitude and temperament. As for fraternal twins, the chances of having same personality and attitude are lower compared to identical twins. For normal siblings, they usually have different temperament and attitude from each other. If the parents have long attention span and high activity level then their kids will most likely to behave same likes the parents. Children’s IQ and EQ is actually all based on their parents as those are genetically passed down to them. 2.2.2 After Preschool After the children are 3 years old, parents usually send their children to attend preschool class offered by kindergarten. As children start to attend classes from kindergarten they start to meet other children and teachers. After preschool period, there are some other influences on temperament instead of just hereditary influence which is environment influence. Children start to concern about their surroundings especially other children and their teachers; they like to have fun together with the children they like. As a result, they will start to learn their attitude and temperament in order to become friends with them. If the friend is a bully then they also will learn from them becoming a bully because they want to hang out with their friend. Children also will learn their teacher’s attitude and temperament as they like the teacher to teach them and they respect older people so if their teacher themselves show their bad attitude in front of the children, they will also beha ving like the teacher because the person they respect also behaving like that. Conclusion In conclusion, temperament is a person’s characteristic modes of emotional and behavioral responding to environmental events. The 3 types of temperament which is easy-going temperament, slow to warm up temperament and difficult temperament along with the 2 main influences on it which is hereditary influences and environmental influences are discussed. The 6 dimensions of infant temperament which is fearful distress, irritable distress, positive distress, activity level, attention span and rhythmicity are also discussed. I take time to try new things and staying in new environment so I think that slow to warm up is my type of temperament. I wish to change myself to become an easy-going temperament person. Through this assignment I learned the 6 dimensions and the 3 types of temperament, through this information I also learned that how hereditary and environment can influence a children’s temperament.

Lord of the Flies: Is There Hope for Man? :: Lord of the Flies Essays

One of the main themes in William Golding's 1954 novel Lord of the Flies is that without civilization, there is no law and order. The expression of Golding's unorthodox and complex views are embodied in the many varied characters in the novel. One of Golding's unorthodox views is that only one aspect of the modern world keeps people from reverting back to savagery and that is society. Golding shows the extreme situations of what could possibly happen in a society composed of people taken from a structured society then put into a structureless society in the blink of an eye. First there is a need for order until the people on the island realize that there are no rules to dictate their lives and take Daveers into their own hands. Golding is also a master of contrasting characterization. This can be seen in the conflicts between the characters of Jack, the savage; Simon, the savior; and Piggy, the one with all the ideas. Arguably, the most savage person on the island is Jack Merridew. The first image of Jack and his group is presented as "something dark" and a "creature" before Golding goes on to explain "the creature was a party of boys." Ironically, that is exactly what happens. The beast turns out to be the evil within the children themselves. Jack conflicts with most of the other major characters from the beginning. He calls Piggy "Fatty" repeatedly and opposes Jack almost every step of the way. As the novel progresses, Jack becomes more domineering and assertive, slowly losing all of his former morals and civility. The one point in the novel where this happens is when Jack paints his face: "He made one cheek and one eye socket white. . ." Then Jack proceeds to cover the other half of his face in red, foreshadowing his perpetual recruiting and takeover of the island. Jack ends up as the other authority figure on the island by force and by exploiting the other boys need for savagery. The need for savagery arises because of Golding's views of humans as being vicious by nature. Jack, being a leader in his own right, can not see the light of day again once he has seen the darkness of self indulgence and absolute power. Simon, on the other hand, is not wild at all and can easily differentiate the light from the darkness.

Ecosystems: Ecological Succession and Climatic Climax

Ecosystems: Change and Challenge The Structure of Ecosystems Ecosystem: a dynamic, stable system characterised by the interaction of plants and animals with each other and with the non-living components of the environment The components of an ecosystem are categorised as either biotic and abiotic Biotic means the living environment, components include: i). Vegetation (living and decomposing) ii).Mammals, insects, birds and microorganisms Biomass-the mass of material in the bodies of animals and plants (total mass of living matter) Abiotic means the non-living, chemical and physical components of the ecosystem and includes: i). Climate- in particular the seasonal pattern of temperature and precipitation ii). Soil characteristics iii). Underlying parent rock iv). Relief of the land v). Drainage characteristicsEcosystems are open systems because energy and living matter can both enter and leave the system: * Inputs-Energy from the sun, which drives photosynthesis-enabling the plants to grow, water transported into the ecosystem from precipitation and animals that arrive from elsewhere * Outputs-nutrients are transferred out of the system by: animals can physically move out, water can leave through evapotranspiration, groundwater flow and throughflow * Flows-nutrients can be transferred from one store to another e. g. apillary uptake * Stores- stores of nutrients: vegetation, plant litter and soils Energy Flows and nutrient cycling Energy flows- is the flow of energy through a food chain * Energy flows flow through an ecosystem from one stage to another. * Through photosynthesis plants are able to capture light energy from the sun to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water to grow and increase their biomass * Within all ecosystems, nutrients are required for plant growth and are recycled from one store to another e. g. leaves fall from tree-> when they decompose nutrients are returned to the soilGersmehl diagram- shows the cycling of nutrients within the m ain stores of biome * Circles of proportionate size represent the stores of nutrients with the biomass, litter and soil * Nutrient transfers, inputs and outputs are represented by arrows of varying thickness Inputs- include nutrients(carbon and nitrogen) and minerals(from weathered parent rock) Outputs-loss of nutrients from the soil by; leaching and surface runoff Flows-leaf fall from biomass to litter, decomposition of litter, flow of nutrients to soil, uptake of nutrients by plants and treesThe movement of energy up the trophic levels shows the food chain as each trophic level occupies a different position. However food chains, in reality, are often more complicated than this. Some species can occupy more than one position in every food web – may be prey to more than one animal etc. Nutrient cycles in an ecosystem take place between the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem. This can be shown through the Gersmehl diagram. * Nutrients have three stores – the soil, litter and biomass. Nutrients are transferred through the three stores through fall of dead tissue, absorption through plant roots and decomposition etc. Inputs of nutrients include precipitation and the weathering of parent rock Outputs include loss from runoff and leaching Flows include leaf fall (from the biomass to the litter), decomposition of litter(flow of nutrients to the soil) Trophic levels, food chains and webs Energy transfer within an ecosystem, represented by a pyramid diagram * At each trophic level, some energy is available as food for the next level * Each level decreases in size, 90% of energy lost through life rocesses-respiration, movement and excretion * Only 10% available as food, number of living organisms decreases as trophic levels increase Producers/autotrophs- first layer, produce their own food through photosynthesis(green plants) Primary consumers-eat the producers(herbivores) Secondary consumers-consume the herbivores(carnivores) Tertiary consume rs-top predators that eat secondary consumers Detrivores and decomposers operate at each trophic level: i). Detrivore-feeds on dead material or waste products ii).Decomposer-an organism that breaks down dead plants, animals and waste matter e. g. fungi and bacteria * There are normally 4 links in a food chain, each link feeds on and obtains energy from the previous link and is consumed by and provides energy for the proceeding link * There are a large number of food chains that operate in ecosystems, it is also made even more complicated as animals have varied diets, this can be shown in a food web Ecosystems in the British Isles Over Time Succession and Climax Succession-a series of changes that take place in the plant community over timeClimatic climax-the final stage of the plant succession, where the vegetation is in balance with the environmental conditions. Providing the environmental conditions remain unchanged there will be no change in the vegetation once the stage is reach ed * If allowed to continue undisturbed , the succession will reach its climatic climax- where the plant species live in perfect balance with the current environmental conditions * Climate is the major influence of vegetation on a global scale * On a local scale-drainage, geology and relief affect plant growthThere are two basic types of succession: 1. Primary succession-occurs on surfaces that have had no previous vegetation There are two main types of primary succession: * Xeroseres are formed on dry land, this group can be divided into lithoseres on bare rock and psammoseres on sand dunes * Hydroseres are formed in water, haloseres in salt water and hydroseres in fresh water 2. Secondary succession occurs on land that was formerly vegetated but has undergone a loss of vegetation E. g. Deforestation Development of a successionAs the succession develops it passes through a series of stages called seres(individual stages in the plant succession) where the processes of invasion, colo nisation, competition, domination and decline operate to influence the composition of the vegetation i). Plants first invade bare ground through the processes of dispersal and migration ii). Pioneer species are adapted to surviving harsh conditions (e. g. long-rooted salt-tolerant marram grass), they compete for available space, light, water and nutrients, when they die they help modify the environment by adding organic matter iii).The addition of organic matter to the developing soil improves its structure and water retention qualities iv). A period of relative stability is eventually reached where the vegetation has reached its climax, the climax is dominated by the tallest species v). The saturation point has been reached with all potential niches occupied- climatic climax community, where the natural vegetation has reached a stable balance with the climate and soils of the area Polyclimax theory- the theory that local factors (drainage, geology, relief and microclimates) can cre ate variations in the climatic climax communityPlagioclimax- the plant community that exists when human interference prevents the climatic climax being reached Lithosere Is a succession that begins life on newly exposed rock surface e. g. eruption of a volcano i). The bare rock is initially colonised by bacteria and algae ii). The pioneers begin to colonise, starting with lichens, they begin to break down the rock and assist water retention iii). As water retention improves, mosses begin to grow, water retention improves and weathering to produce the beginning of a soil where advanced plants can grow iv).Ferns, herbs and flowering plants appear and die back, bacteria converts their remains into humus, helps to recycle nutrients and improve soil fertility v). Shrubs start to grow vi). Pioneer trees become established, normally fast growing e. g. willow, birch vii). Slower growing tree species begin to develop (e. g. ash and oak), they are the dominants of the climatic climax communit y- termperate deciduous woodland Hydrosere A hydrosere develops as follows: i). In a freshwater environment, submerged aquatics are the first plants to develop, they help to trap sediment which enables other species to move in i). The next seral stage is the growth of reed beds and swamp conditions iii). Colonisation by alder and fern begins, they further modify the environmental conditions, improving drainage and mineral content of the immature soil, allowing the entry of willow and ash iv). The climatic climax vegetation of deciduous oak or beech woodland is reached, throughout the succession there are progressive changes to the soil conditions, ground-level microclimate and animal activity Temperate Deciduous WoodlandA biome is a global-scale ecosystem and is a naturally occurring organic community of plants and animals in the climatic climax stage of succession * Tropical rainforests and temperate deciduous woodland are both examples of high energy biomes * Low energy biomes are the tundra in the high latitudes and the hot deserts in the low latitudes, the vegetation is scarce and net primary productivity is low * Temperate deciduous woodland is a high energy biome which has a relatively high productivity. It is found in id latitudes on the borders of continents where there is adequate moisture. Climate: * Temperature ranges from 5 – 17 in Winter and Summer * 500-2,000mm of rain per year, varies seasonally * Low pressure systems * Westerly winds Vegetation: * Broadleaved deciduous trees are the dominant species, oak are the tallest * Trees develop large crowns and broad but thin leaves * Shed their leaves in the winter, reduces transpiration when less water is available * Net primary production-1,200g dry organic matter per M? er year * Most woodlands show some stratification * Below the canopy is the shrub layer * Just above the forest floor is the herb layer * Epiphytes e. g. lichens and mosses grow on the trunks and branches of trees * A thick la yer of leaf litter is readily broken down by soil microbes and animals Soil: * Brown Earth soil 1. 5m deep * Leaf litter makes the soil more fertile in Autumn * Well mixed with decomposers so it becomes fertile quickly * Leaching occurs when there is snowmelt or intense rain, which is not uncommon Arresting factorsPlant successions can be stopped from reaching climatic climax or deflected to a different climax, by human interference The resulting vegetation is called a plagioclimax, this can be caused by: * deforestation or afforestation * animal grazing or trampling * fire clearance A secondary succession is one that develops on land that has previously been vegetated The stages of secondary succession may be more rapid than those of primary succession because organic matter is already present in the soil, the pioneer stage may be short or absent- climatic climax is reached in a much shorter timePlagioclimax: heather moorland 1. As the soils deteriorated without the deciduous veget ation, hardy plants such as heather come to dominate the uplands. 2. Sheep grazing became the major form of agriculture and the sheep prevented the regeneration of climax woodland by destroying young saplings 3. Many of these uplands have been controlled by managed burning to encourage new heather shoots 4. Burning has eliminated the less fire-resistant species, leading to the dominance of heather 5.One of the aims of burning heather is to ensure as much as possible of the available nutrient is conserved in the ecosystem 6. Burnt on average every 15 years, If the time elapses more then there is too much woody tissue and nutrients are lost in smoke Tropical biomes In a tropical rainforest biome due to the constant high temperature and rainfall, vegetation grows more quickly, large amounts of net primary production Biodiversity- the variety of species within an ecosystem Leaching-soluble bases are removed from a soil by downward-percolating water in environments where precipitation ex ceeds evaporationNet primary production-the amount of energy fixed in photosynthesis minus the energy lost by respiration in plants The tropical equatorial rainforest biome The tropical rainforest biomes are between latitudes 10Â °N and 10Â °S of the equator Climate * The equatorial climate has little variation, temperatures remain high throughout the year * High diurnal temperature range, high during day and low during the night- due to no insulating clouds to keep the heat in * Annual precipitation is high, often in excess of 2000mm, rain falls all ear round at the equator because of the inter-tropical convergence zone dominates the atmospheric conditions Evapotranspiration is rapid, due to sun heats the humid forest * low pressure conditions allow air to be rapidly uplifted * As the air rises it cools and water vapour condenses into clouds, the clouds continue to build into the afternoon- leading to heavy rain and thunder, returning the previously uplifted moisture back to grou nd levelHumidity is high throughout the year, continuous evapotranspiration adds water vapour to the air On the forest floor there is little breeze as the trade winds converge here Soils Underlying soil will have developed naturally over a long period of time and be in balance with its environment, this is known as zonal soil The zonal soil associated with the tropical rainforest is a latosolyh Characteristic features * A latosol can be more than 40m deep The constant hot wet climate provides perfect conditions for chemical weathering of the bedrock * Ferrallitisation is the process where bedrock is broken down by chemical weathering into clay minerals and sesquioxides * Red colour due to the presence of iron and aluminium minerals * As there is a moisture surplus in the equatorial climate(rainfall exceeds evapotranspiration), there is a downward movement of water through the soil * Silica materials are washed out of the A horizon and transported downwards by water by a process call ed leaching * Iron and aluminium compounds are less soluble and are left behind * The latosol is nutrient poor, plant uptake of nutrients is roughly equal to the input from decomposed litter * Soil moisture utilisation occurs throughout this period, as evaporation and transpiration exceed precipitation Vegetation Rainforests are the most diverse and productive biome, also the most fragile The vegetation is in harmony with its environment and is a climatic climax community where the dominant species are the hardwood trees * The net primary production of the rainforest is 2,200g M? yr the figure is high because the growing season lasts all year and the litter is rapidly decomposed, replacing nutrients taken up by the vegetation * There can be up to 300 species of trees in every Km? * The forest has a layered appearance, with the tallest trees(emergent's), standing up to 45m, above the canopy, the canopy absorbs most of the sunlight and intercepts most of the precipitation * When a tre e dies it brings down others as it falls, new trees grow quickly taking advantage of the light, it decomposes quickly assisted by detrivores and the hot and humid conditions * Fungi that grows on trees and has an important role in decomposing litterThe vegetation has developed and adapted to physical conditions of the rainforest: * The trees grow rapidly, the leaves at the tops of the trees absorb light and photosynthesise, the bark is thin as the trees don't need protection from harsh winter conditions * The top layer of soil contains the minerals the trees need, there is also an abundant supply of water, roots do not need to be deep e. g. buttress roots, also help to stabilise the trees * The leaves have adapted to the regular heavy rainfall by developing drip-trips, which allows excess water to be easily shed, the leaves are also thick and leathery to withstand strong sunlight and reduces the loss of water from the plant * Epiphytes grow on the trees, as the forest floor is dark * Rainforests form the habitat for a huge number of species The effects of human activity on plant succession Deforestation is the deliberate clearance of woodland by cutting, burning or the application of a defoliant * Climatic climax vegetation has been destroyed, this has resulted in both secondary succession and plagioclimax * The vegetation that replaces the original rainforest tends to be smaller in height and less diverse, with a reduction in the general biomass Causes of deforestation * Demand for hardwood, e. g. teak, its demand for building and furniture is increasing * Many developing countries rely on export earnings from timber to help pay their debts and finance major development projects * To provide land for rubber plantations, cattle ranches for beef farming, soya plantations, mining, roads and railways * Population pressure has also led to an increase in the clearance of rainforests Impacts of deforestation * As habitats shrink, plant species become endangered and the food chain within the forest is disrupted * Some animal species are threatened by extinction The vegetation protects the latosol soils from the regular heavy tropical downpours * Once the trees are removed the topsoil is open to erosion and to leaching of nutrients and minerals * Runoff causes sediment to block river channels and increases flooding * The microclimate of the forest is disturbed by deforestation-the daily water cycle of rapid evapotranspiration followed by afternoon precipitation cannot occur, there is less cloud cover and a greater temperature range * The use of burning leads to local air pollution and contributes to climate change7 * Economic benefits in terms of income from mining, farming and exports from hardwood * Culture of the indigenous people is destroyed and they may be forced to move from their land People are one of the arresting factors that interfere with plants succession. They can often stop a plant succession from growing and then when this is ma intained it is known as a plagioclimax. Sheep grazing on moorland is an example. A secondary succession is a plant succession that takes place on land that has already been colonised.Secondary succession can follow a natural disaster such as a volcanic eruption or a period of human intervention such as colonising a former quarry site. Much of the British Isles was covered in deciduous woodland with the climax species being either Oak or Ash depending on the soil and the underlying parent rock. This was largely cleared for agriculture and settlement which has started a plagioclimax in most areas of Britain. Tropical Biome – Savannah Grassland Climate: * Wet and dry seasons * 500-1000mm of rain per year * Hot throughout the year * High pressure and strong trade winds in the dry season * Wet season dominated by the ITCZ * Fires may occur caused by heat and lightning Vegetation: Trees dominate over grasses where the wet season is longer – dense rainforest towards the equat or * Grasses may be up to 2m tall – long roots * Deciduous * Adaptations include fire resistant bark, water storage etc. Soil: * Deep red lateric soils * Influenced by climate * Silica is leached downwards in the wet season * Crust formed in the dry season Biodiversity: * Greater towards the equator * Acacia, Baobab, Umbrella Thorn, Elephant Grass * Great animal migrations occur meaning that biodiversity drops at certain times * 40% of the land in Tanzania has been designated as a National Park to help conserve biodiversity * African Elephant, Black Rhino, Zebra and Cheetah are endangered The Savanna grassland biome ClimateThe tropical wet and dry climate of Africa shows seasonal variation in wind direction, precipitation and temperature Variations occur with increasing latitude from the equator Precipitation varies: * Equatorial rainforest margins more than 1,000mm per year, rain season lasts 10-11months * Desert/semi-arid margins are less than 500mm per year, away from the equator the reliability of the rainfall decreases, only 1-2 months rainy season Temperature varies: * The equatorial rainforest margin temperature range is 22Â °C in the wet season and 28Â °C in the dry season * On the desert margins the temperature range from 18Â °C in the wet season to 34Â °C in the dry seasonDuring the dry season, the subtropical anticyclone moves over the desert margins, the subsiding air of the high pressure suppresses convection, giving rise to clear skies and high daytime temperatures The trade winds blow from the high pressure towards the ITCZ, moves towards the coast. The air has a low moisture content, known as harmatten In the wet season, the ITCZ migrates polewards, it brings rainfall because uplift and convection are fed by moist, unstable, tropical maritime air, the poles have a short rainy season so have low annual rainfall Ecological responses soil moisture budgets e. g. Northern Ghana Soil moisture recharge-July to early August precipitation bec omes greater than evapotranspiration, rainwater fills the empty pores in the soil, reaches field capacitySoil moisture surplus- August-September, at field capacity, soil is saturated, rainwater has difficulty infiltrating ground leads to surface runoff, leads to high river levels Soil moisture utilisation-October, evapotranspiration begins to exceed precipitation, more water evaporating and being transpired by plants than falling as rain Soil moisture deficit- December, when soil moisture is used up, water deficit, plants can only survive if drought resistant, period continues until precipitation becomes greater than evapotranspiration Northern Ghana characteristics: * lengthy period of moisture deficit * Short period of moisture surplus * Total annual potential evapotranspiration greater than total potential precipitationAdaptations by vegetation * Vegetation in wetter areas consist of tall coarse grasses, with many deciduous trees- Tree savanna * Shorter tussock grass becomes domi nant in desert margins, accompanied by drought-resistant trees e. g. acacia and baobab, known as grassland and shrub savannas * Trees are deciduous, have hard leathery leaves to reduce transpiration losses, other plants are microphyllous (small leaves) for the same reason * In the tree savanna, isolated trees have low umbrella shaped crowns that shade root areas and reduce soil moisture evaporation Xerophytic characteristics, adaptations to dry surroundings: * dense cell fluids hard waxy leaves Reduce water loss * thorns and protected stomata Two main types of trees: i). Acacia-has a crown structure, often flattened by trade winds, loses leaves in the dry season ii). Baobab-thick spongy trunk, long tap roots, baobab is pyrophytic, withstand fire due to insulating bark Grassland savanna- grasses are tussocky, enables them to retain some moisture shrub or scrub savanna- there are many acacia trees, thorn bushes and short tufted grasses, fewer leaves so retain more water, turn blades a way from sun to reduce water loss Impact of human activity Two main effects on the vegetation: i).Grass is burnt off, better growth of young grass next season for grazing, regular burning makes it difficult for young trees and bushes to become established, dominated by herbaceous plants and indigenous woody plants that can survive fire e. g. acacia and baobab ii). Woody plants, killed by cattle eating their foliage, thorny animal-repellent trees and shrubs such as acacia, therefore become numerous The tropical monsoon forest biome Climate * High temperatures throughout the year, small annual range(19Â °C-30Â °C) because of the location within the tropics * Annual precipitation is high * Winds blow in from the ocean with very moist air and heavy rainfall during May-October, the rest of the year the air is drierEcological responses Soil moisture budgets * Precipitation is much higher than potential evapotranspiration during the wet season * High rainfall totals result in saturation of the soil, some of the moisture can be utilised by vegetation * A soil moisture deficits occurs by January, deciduous trees lose their leaves in response to drought conditions * The period of moisture deficit is shorter then that experienced in the tropical savanna biome * The months of surplus during the wet monsoon season result in the leaching of bases and silica and very little humus is allowed to develop in the top layers Adaptations by vegetation and animals The canopy is not continuous, tallest trees are smaller, provide an incomplete cover * This means there is less competition for light, allowing greater development of vegetation at lower levels * Fewer species of trees, common species are sal, pyinkado and teak all of which are economically valuable * Trees do not possess buttress roots and they develop large round crowns * The bark is often thick, to protect them from the harsh climate of the dry season, leaves are thin * Deciduous trees shed their leaves in response to a lack of moisture, to reduce transpiration during the dry season, this allows the light to reach the forest floor, leads to the development of dense undergrowth Impact of human activity * Tropical monsoon forests are fragile ecosystems, following deforestation almost impossible for existing food webs to continue, all rophic levels are affected, results in massive decrease in natural vegetation * Removal of monsoon forests due to increasing population pressure * Deforestation due to agricultural land and fuel wood due to rapidly increasing population * Teak has been exploited for export to developed countries, many indigenous species are endangered Development issues in the three biomes Brazil has the greatest species diversity, a smaller proportion of its land is protected than in Tanzania, in Tanzania 39. 6% of the land is designated National Parkland Species diversity is of crucial importance because: * Plants photosynthesise * Trees act as a carbon sink * Some species purify wa ter, fixing nitrogen, recycling nutrients and waste * Insects pollinate cropsIn all three biomes the natural environments are threatened by population growth and economic development Ecosystem issues on a local scale Conservation-preservation of the natural environment Ecology-the study of the relationships between living things and their environment Sustainable development-The management of resources in such a way that the ability of the system to replace itself is greater than the level of exploitation In urban areas they contain a wide variety of habitats e. g. industrial sites, derelict land and parks- thus difficult to make generalisations about urban ecology- all these habitats contain different mixes of flora and faunaThis means there are opportunities for secondary succession, particularly where land becomes derelict. Urban niches Many urban habitats are specialised, within one site a number of different niches or microhabitats might be available for plants and animals to co lonise. e. g. bare tarmac, stone walls, Mosses taking root on high buildings Colonisation of wasteland Plant succession-the change on a community of species over time, is brought about by changes in the microenvironment due to e. g. supply of new species, competition between species and changes in habitat The types of plants that can initially colonise are influenced by: i). Slope- horizontal surfaces debris accumulates, eventually develops into soil ii).Moisture availability-gentle slopes, rainwater accumulates and steep slopes-faster runoffs iii). Aspect-south facing slopes are warmer and drier iv). Porosity-(ability to hold water), the greater porosity the quicker the colonisation v). Surface roughness-allowing plants to get a hold vi). Pollution levels-substances that are toxic to plants e. g. lead, contaminates the ground Succession-e. g. Industrial site Stage 1: Pioneers- * Mosses and lichens are the first plants to develop on bare surfaces * Able to exist in areas with little water, obtaining nutrients through photosynthesis * When the plants die they provide a thin mat of organic matter, produces a protosoil that other species can root into Stage 2: Oxford ragwort- Cracks in the surface provide sheltered places for seeds to germinate and retain moisture * Oxford ragwort, wind-blown seeds, has a long flowering season 180-190 days, enables it to produce millions of seeds * At this stage, succession is usually rapid Stage 3: Tall herbs- * As these plants die they produce a thicker and more nutrient-rich soil * Taller plants that are more demanding of good growth conditions can become established e. g. Willowherb Stage 4: Grassland- * As soil enrichment continues, the amount of grass in the vegetation increases * Japanese knotweed, grow up to 3m in height, their dense canopies shade out most species beneath them Stage 5: Scrub woodland- Processes of soil enrichment and competition continues, taller herbaceous plants replaced by shrubs and eventually trees * As herbaceous plants thicken it becomes difficult for these small-seeded plants to establish As plant succession develops, there are changes to the fauna: * Soil fauna-increase in number of earthworms as soil improves and increase in the number and diversity of the insect population * Sub-stratum variations-caused by differences in the nature of the surface being colonised Ecologies along route ways * Routeways are distinctive habitats because exotic species of plants and insects may be brought in by traffic, provide wildlife corridors for e. g. oxes * Railway lines- during days of steam trains there were frequent fires which burnt of tall species (allowing light through) encouraging light-demanding species to establish * Windborne seeds can be sucked along by trains and a lack of human interference encourages wildlife e. g. badgers * The nitrogen-rich exhaust fumes boost the growth of some wild flowers and increase the presence of insects and animals further up the food chain * C anals act like long ponds providing a habitat for a variety of aquatic plants e. g. ducks Introduction of new species Cities are centres for the establishment and spread of foreign species, species: * Europe-e. g. Sycamore * Japan-e. g. Japanese KnotweedSuch species can be introduced by windblown seeds, seeds carriers by animals and forms of transport e. g. trains Urban areas are attractive because of the variety of habitats, the constant creation of new habitats and the reduced level of competition Gardens and parks Are areas where the vegetation is managed: * Species are introduced from overseas and others are removed or controlled by mowing, weeding or the use of pesticides/herbicides * Sports fields reduce the diversity of plant species by maintaining grass pitches * Altruistic motives- to give a dull urban area some colour and improving the aesthetic value of the area * Improving the visual outlook-hiding eyesores (e. g. actories) encourage businesses or residents to move in * Schools produce a diverse environment for study purposes * Local businesses may want a pleasant site to attract customers * Local authorities provide the public with an arboretum * Birdwatchers wish for a diverse environment to attract new species * Act as noise and pollution inhibitors * Provide shade in hot urban environments * Reduce soil erosion on embankments Changes in the rural urban fringe * Although much of the land on the rural/urban fringe is a green belt area meaning that it’s protected from development, there will be increasing pressure to do so as plans for 50,000 houses over the next few years. The rural urban fringe is under pressure from development, In the UK are designated green belt, with regulations that strictly control new development * Farmers face problems from illegal encampments, trespassing and vandalism * Secondary succession may begin on unintended fields with the growth of weeds * Despite a lack of investment, land prices are often high, due to speculation of future development, derelict land has an advantage in gaining planning permission * Recent government policy is in favour of sustainable development of the rural-urban fringe and the recycling of derelict/degraded land e. g. planting of woodland * Country parks are relatively unmanaged and harbour more natural plant communities, providing potential breeding sites for bird species. e. g. skylark Ecological conservation areas Conservation areas are developed for: * Encouraging wildlife back into cities * Making cheap use of an otherwise derelict area Reducing maintenance costs in an area * Maintaining a diverse species base and reintroducing locally extinct species Such work includes: * Planting of trees, planting of native species, dredging of ponds and soil improvements * Group organisations behind such conservation include: The National Trust Different groups have different priorities, local authorities have planning needs and have to balance the desire to make use o f derelict land against the potential cost to local taxpayers E. g. conservation groups want to create environments where traditional species can establish and local people want a safe environment for leisure Dulwich Upper Wood conservation area This was once a wooded area and the site of Crystal Palace however now it has been turned in to an ecological conservation area which is open and attempt to accommodate everyone. * Is open at all times * Has a network of trails, some are suitable for wheelchairs Species in the wood * Trees e. g. Oak and ash, ground in the wood is deeply shaded, only a few shrubs e. g. Laurel and a few plants from the ancient woodland e. g. bluebell * Over 250 types of fungi e. g. mushrooms, they live on dead wood or leaf litter helping to break down these materials and return nutrients to the soil * Many mammals e. g. foxes and over 40 species of birds e. g. woodpeckers Why the site is interesting? Conservation of both abandoned Victorian gardens and ancient woodland * A number of preserved and re-created habitats e. g. wet areas and herb gardens * The site is both managed and allowed to grow wild in some areas, a range of different habitats * Plenty of wildlife, over 40 species of birds * Original habitats preserved, enabling native species of plants and animals to survive * A good example of how habitats can be preserved and created and still allow public access through a network of trails * The site has an educational value with a posted nature trail Ecosystem issues on a global scale Human activity, biodiversity and sustainability * World’s population continues to grow, increasing the stress upon resources and environmental systems e. g. ater, land * Population and growth and economic development resulted in spiralling demand for natural resources and reduction in natural ecosystems and biodiversity * 2005, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment- stated that humans have changed ecosystems extensively, resulting in a substantial los s of the diversity of life on Earth * 1/3 of plant species are threatened globally and that climate change could result in the extinction of up to 1 million of the world’s species by 2050 * United Nations and the World Wide Fund for Nature are working to educate people to protect ecosystems and to support sustainable development * 1997 Kyoto conference on the environment resulted in the most industrialised countries agreeing to cut their carbon dioxide emissions by 30% by 2010 * UK government created the UK biodiversity Action Plan in 1994, setting aims for the next 20 years: * Protecting the best sites for wildlife-10% of the UK designated Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI’s) * Targeting action on priority species and habitats-2007 UK diversity Partnership published list of 1,149 priority species and 65 habitats * Embedding consideration of biodiversity and ecosystem services in all sections of policy * Encouraging people to change their behaviour, to environm ental issues Management of fragile environments A fragile environment lacks resilience to a change in conditions, many ecosystems are vulnerable to change e. g. introduction of foreign species CASE STUDY: Central Amazon Conservation Complex (tropical rainforests) The destruction of the Amazon rainforest has been particularly harmful to the biodiversity there. To prevent this some places have been protected by law meaning that they are undisturbed.There are three separate reserves which are linked and is known as the Central Amazon Conservation Complex. The total size of these three areas is bigger than Switzerland. 1. Jau National Park 2,272,000 ha 2. Mamiraua Sustainable Development Reserve 260,000 ha 3. Amana Sustainable Development Reserve 2,230,000 ha This is a UNESCO world heritage site is the second largest protected area of tropical rainforest in the world. The area is sparsely populated and there are no transport links other than boats. There are no major projects such as hy droelectric dams and some incidences of hunting and poaching by outsiders for commercial gain This area has one of the most diverse flora and fauna in the world.These include: * 200+ species of mammals * 500+ species of birds e. g. parrots * 300+ species of fish * Reptiles and amphibians e. g. coral snake Some of these are endangered which means that the area requires extra protection. e. g. spider monkey and puma Management The management has three main functions: * To protect the land and to minimise the impact of human activity * To research, catalogue and protect biodiversity * To manage specific activities, such as tourism They have drawn up a zoning plan which shows how much activity has been going on in each area. 1. Primitive Zone – Minimal human intervention as this is land of great natural beauty 2.Extensive Use Zone – There has been a small amount of activity 3. Intensive Use Zone – Environment has been significantly altered due to human intervention 4. Special Use Zone – where services operate to monitor an protect the rainforest A management strategy was developed by local communities and with other representatives resulted in: * Hunting and logging for commercial gain is prohibited * Inhabitants receive environmental education and improved healthcare * Increased economic production from natural resources, ensure a sustainable future for those in the rainforest * Zoning and protection, resulted in an increase in the productivity of the forest and aquatic resourcesCASE STUDY: Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania (savanna grasslands) * The parkland occupies 2,305,100 ha, known for herds of wildebeest, 1,300,000 * Endangered species, African elephant, perhaps only 2,000 left * More than 500 species of birds e. g. flamingo * Populated by the Masai Mara, who have an extensive system of land management which requires large areas for the grazing of cattle and Mara’s cultural code forbids th e eating of wild animals, so biodiversity is protected History * Today over 52,000 Masai Mara * 1980’s, economic situation improved, tourism increased which allowed the park authorities to rebuild the infrastructure and to re-establish anti-poaching units * 90,000 visitors a year, although tourism is managed sustainably-200,000 animals are still illegally killed by poachers each year Management Buffer zones called community Wildlife Management Areas * Local people are encouraged and have legal rights to make decisions regarding the management of wildlife, hoping to curb illegal poaching * 36% of the population live below the poverty line has resulted in ever increasing pressure on existing resources * A new threat to the natural grasslands is the invasion of the non-native Mexican prickly poppy, rapidly takes over an overgrazed land crowding out native species * Tanzania is committed to protecting 42,000km? of land, UK has 1/10 of the land protected The main aim is to preserv e the country’s rich natural heritage and to provide securing breeding grounds for its flora and fauna , safe from the conflicting interests of a growing human population The Sundarbans Reserved Forest, Bangladesh (tropical monsoon forest) Population pressure in Bangladesh is severe, large areas of the forest have been cleared to provide more space for agriculture and settlement e. g. 1000 inhabit every km? Threats A number of risks threaten the Sundarbans: * Climate change- sea levels are rising at 3mm a year, cause flooding of low lying delta land * Abstraction of water-40% reduction in flow leading to increased salinity of the land and water * Deforestation-e. g. in the Himalayas leading to greater volumes of silt being deposited by rivers * 3 million people live in small villages * Fishing camps are a major disturbance in the area, with some illegal hunting and trapping of species e. g. turtles * Water pollution e. g. Khulna aquatic wildlife badly affected * Natural disas ters e. g. 2007 a cyclone killed 3,000 people and most of the larger trees were uprooted Flora and faunaThe Sundarbans consists of a vast network of rivers, mudflats and islands which are vegetated by mangroves(salt tolerant trees), act as natural buffers against storm surges and protect the land from tropical cyclones which occur during the summer monsoon season Endangered predators in this eco-region e. g. Royal Bengal tiger estimated at 350 Management * There are seven conservation areas, including three wildlife sanctuaries * Under the wildlife act of 1974 it is illegal to cultivate the land within the conservation areas or to introduce domestic animals * There is not enough staff or structures in place to enforce the law * The threats to the area require more cross border cooperation with India as well as financial support * Plans must include a high degree of local community involvement to allow sustainable use of the forest